Claytonia virginica

White to red

Andrena erigeniae

Fruit production, fruit set

-

Directional selection for redness (marginal significant)

Intermediately colored flowers set more fruit than white or red-flowered plants, balancing selection; Herbivores (preferring red morph) showed selection antagonistic to pollinators; Pathogen (preferring infection of white morph) showed selection opposing to herbivores.

[165]

Lapeirousia oreogena

With or without white arrows-markings

long-proboscid nemestrinid fly Prosoeca sp. nov.

Pollen export, fruit set, seed set

Flowers with white arrows-markings

Directional selection

-

[151]

Centaurea cyanus

Violet-blue (dark, violet and strong UV reflective)

Bumblebees

Fertilization rate, seed number

-

Directional selection

-

[145]

Lysimachia arvensis

Blue, red

Solitary bees and Bombus terrestris

Germination, seedling survival, seedling mass, ovule and pollen production, pollen export, seeds per fruit, seed set

Blue

Directional selection for blue in blue biased population

Dry and hot were beneficial to blue morphs; Delayed selfing may exert balancing selection on red morph in blue biased population

[168]

[170]

Gentiana lutea

Yellow to orange

Bumblebees

Seed number

Yellowness in Torrestı´o population

Directional selection in Torrestı´o population; Variation in pollinator communities among populations may maintain color polymorphism

Seed predators avoided yellow flowers in Torrestío population, same directional selection with pollinators; Orangeness increased westward

[171] [172]

Anacamptis morio

Violet-blue (lighter, strong contrast)

Bumblebees

Fruit number, fruit mass

-

Directional selection

-

[146]

Delphinium nelsonii

Blue, white

Hummingbirds and bumblebee queens

Seed set

Blue

Stabilizing selection

-

[163]

I. purpurea

Dark purple (MYB1MYB1), light purple (MYB1myb1), white (myb1)

Bumblebees

Flower number, fruit number, seed mass, seed number, survival rate

When white phenotypes constitute 25% of the population, pollinators were against visiting white flowers; no preference for dark and light flowers

Negative frequency dependent selection

Increased selfing rate of white morph under lower visits and overdominance of heterozygote exerted balancing selection

[173]

[174]

[177]

[178]

[179]

Cosmos bipinnatus

Purple, pink, white

Bumblebees and honeybees

Fruit set and seed number per capitulum

Pink

-

Overdominance of heterozygote exerted balancing selection

[175]