效应分类

Effect category

效应名称

Specific effect

评价方法

Evaluation method

计算公式

Formula

参数解释

Parameter interpretation

正效应

Positive effect

农产品生产

Agriculture product

市场价值法

Market value

(1) VA = Σpi qi

VA为农产品价值(product value); pi为第i 种产品市场价格(market price of ith product); qi为第i种产品总产量(yield of product i, t·km-2)

社会保障

Social security

替代成本法

Substitution cost

(2) Vp = NMR

VP为担当的社会保障价值(social security value); N为保障的人数(amount of people secured); M为人均最低生活保障标准(minimum life standard); R为农业生产隐性失业比例(hidden unemployment rate in rural area)

土壤保持

Soil conservation

机会成本法

影子价格法

Opportunity cost

Shadow price

(3) Qs = S(Ep - ER)

(4) VS1 = PQS/(10000hd)

(5) VS2 = QSΣCjPj

(6) VS = VS1 + VS2

VS为保持土壤的价值(soil conservation value); VS1为减少土地废弃价值(land erosion reduction value); VS2为保持土壤养分价值(soil nutrient conservation value); QS为土壤保持量(amount of soil conserved,t·km-2); S为农田总面积(farmland area,km2); EP为耕地潜在侵蚀模数(farmland potential erosion modulus,t·km-2·a-1); ER为现实侵蚀模数(real erosion modulus,t·km-2·a-1); h为耕作层厚度(tillage thickness, cm); P为土地年收益(annual revenue, yuan·hm-2); d为土壤容重(soil unit weight,g·cm-3); Cj为土壤中第j类养分含量(percentage of jth nutrient in soil, %); Pj为第j类养分的市场价格(price of jth nutrient)

土壤固碳

Carbon fixation

替代成本法

Substitution cost

(7) VC = SKCPC

VC为固碳总价值(total value of carbon fixation); KC为农田土壤固碳速率(rate of carbon fixation, t·hm-2·a-1); PC为碳交易价格(carbon transaction price,yuan·t-1)

光合作用释氧

Oxygen release

影子价格法

Shadow price

(8) NPPi =

(9)

VO为释氧总价值(total value of oxygen release); PO为工业制氧价格(price of industrial oxygen,yuan·t-1 ); NPPi为第i类农产品的净初级生产力(net primary production of ith product, t·hm-2·a-1); Yi为第i类农产品的产量(production of ith product,t); fi为第i类农产品的经济系数(economic coefficient of ith product); wi为第i类农产品的含水率(water content of ith product)

净化大气

Air cleaning

防护费用法

Protection cost

(10) VG = VD + VSO2

(11) VSO2 = ASO2 SPSO2

(12) VD = ADPDS

VG为净化大气功能价值(value of air cleaning); VD为滞尘功能价值(dust retention value); VSO2为吸收SO2功能价值(SO2 absorption value) ; AD为植被的滞尘能力(dust retention capacity of plant, kg·hm- 2 a -1); PD为降尘清理费用(dust cleansing cost,yuan·kg-1); ASO2为SO2的吸收能力(SO2 absorption capacity,kg·hm-2·a-1); PSO2为SO2治理费用(SO2 control cost, yuan·kg-1)

营养物质循环

Nutrient cycling

影子价格法

Shadow price

(13)

VN为营养物质循环功能价值(value of nutrients cycling) ; NPPj as defined above; Cj为各类农作物含第j类养分含量(content of jth nutrient,%) ; Pj为第j类养分的市场价格(market price of jth nutrient, yuan·t-1)

负效应

Negative effect

地下水资源消耗

Underground water consumption

市场价值法

Market value

(14) Vw = PM

V为地下水资源消耗成本(underground water consumption cost),P为单位面积灌溉成本(unit area irrigation cost, yuan/hm2),M为灌溉面积(irrigation area, hm2)

温室气体排放

Greenhouse gas release

替代成本法

Substitution cost

(15) VE = PCΣwi

VE为温室气体排放成本(cost of greenhouse gas release, yuan) ; wi为第i类温室气体排放量(amount of ith greenhouse gas released, measured as CO2,t·hm-2·a-1)

地膜污染

Mulching plastics pollution

替代成本法

Substitution cost

(16)

VP1为地膜污染损失(cost of mulching plastic film pollution) ;λ为地膜污染造成的作物减产率(production loss caused by this pollution, %)

农药污染

Pesticide pollution

替代成本法

Substitution cost

(17) VP2 = Ve + Vd

(18) Ve = Vp(1 -η) Pp

(19)

VP2为施用农药的损失(cost of pesticide); Ve为农药流失损失(cost of pesticide loss) ; Vd为农药污染造成的粮食减产损失(production reduction caused pesticide pollution) ; Up为农药使用量(amount of pesticide used, t) ; η 为农药利用率(usage rate of pesticide, %) ; Pp为农药当前价格(price of pesticide, yuan·t-1) ;γ为农药污染造成的粮食减产率(rate of crop loss caused by pesticide pollution,%)

化肥流失

Fertilizer loss

替代成本法

Substitution cost

(20) VP3 = Uf(1-u)Pf

VP3为化肥流失成本(cost of fertilizer loss) ; Uf为化肥使用量(amount of fertilizer used, t) ; u为化肥利用率(usage rate of fertilizer,%) ; Pf为化肥当前价格(price of fertilizer,yuan·t-1)