| 研究者 | 词素意识定义 |
| Carlisle (1995) | “儿童对词素结构的意识” “children’s conscious awareness of the morphemic structure” [7] |
| Carlisle (2000) | “分析单词和词素成分以构建意义的能力” “the ability to parse words and analyze constituent morphemes for the purpose of constructing meaning” [8] |
| Koda (2000) | “学习者对词素结构的掌握，及其在单词识别的词素处理过程中运用该知识的能力” “a learner's grasp of morphological structure as well as his or her capacity of using this knowledge during morphological processing in visual word recognition’ [9] |
| Carlisle (2003) Kuo & Anderson (2006) | “学习者对词内结构的意识以及操纵这种结构的能力” “The ability to reflect upon and manipulate morphemes and employ word formation rules in one’s language” [1] [10] |
| McBride-Chang et al. (2006) | “对语言中由两个或两个以上词素组成的词的最小意义单位的意识” “awareness of morphemes, or the smallest unites of meaning within a language, in words composed of two or more morphemes” [11] |
| Berninger et al. (2010) | “根据词的形式来判断语义或语义-句法关系” “judgments about semantic or semantic-syntactic relationships that depend upon the form of the word or its parts” [12] |
| Guo et al. (2011) | “对如何通过组合更小的意义单位(如前缀、词根和后缀)而构成单词的明确知识” “explicit knowledge of the way in which words are built up by combining smaller meaningful units, such as prefixes, roots, and suffixes” [13] |
| Kirby et al. (2012) | “对单词形态结构的意识，以及对这种结构进行反思和运用的能力” “conscious awareness of the morphemic structure of words and their ability to reflect on and manipulate that structure…” [14] |
| Deacon et al. (2013) | “在口语中意识到词素并加以运用的能力” “the awareness of and the ability to manipulate morphemes in the oral language” [15] |