Analytical methods

Linear range (µM)

LOD (µM)

RSD^a (%)

Ref.

AuNPs/ Eu³⁺ (Colorimetric probe)

0.5~30

0.076

7.5

[20]

CBNP-SPE (electrochemical sensor)

10~80

6

10.8

[5]

PyO-ZnO NR FET biosensor

1~7000

0.5

6.5

[21]

Ion chromatography

20~2000

10

5.9

[22]

CDs/Fe³⁺ (FL probe)

10~250

0.8

4.3

[23]

CDs/Eu³⁺ (FL probe)

0.4~15

0.051

3.9

[24]

GQDs/Eu³⁺ (FL probe)

0.5~190

0.1

5.6

[18]

sGQDs/Al³⁺ (FL probe)

0.25~7.5

0.1

6.0

[25]

AgNCs/Zn²⁺/metal-orgainc shell (FL probe)

1~100

0.06

5.1

[26]

RBMB@CNP/Zn²⁺ (FL probe)

0.5~5

0.08

4.2

[27]

ZnO QDs MOF-5 complex (FL probe)

0.5~12

0.053

4.9

[28]

UiO-66-NH₂ MOFs (FL probe)

5~150

1.25

5.1

[29]

LFLX-Eu³⁺/SDBS

0.1~25

0.027

5.8

This work