| Mean | t-test | |||||
Variable | Type | Treatd | Control | % bias | % reduct|bias| | t | p > t |
Size | U | 22.318 | 22.338 | −1.6 |
| −0.97 | 0.332 |
| M | 22.317 | 22.275 | 3.3 | −102.5 | 1.75 | 0.080 |
Roa | U | 0.034 | 0.031 | 6.1 |
| 3.70 | 0.000 |
| M | 0.034 | 0.035 | 1.4 | 77.5 | 0.71 | 0.477 |
Lev | U | 0.479 | 0.500 | −10.4 |
| −6.17 | 0.000 |
| M | 0.479 | 0.472 | 3.6 | 65.9 | 1.89 | 0.059 |
Cf | U | 0.061 | 0.038 | 32.2 |
| 18.81 | 0.000 |
| M | 0.060 | 0.060 | 0.3 | 99.1 | 0.15 | 0.881 |
Top5 | U | 0.504 | 0.496 | 5.0 |
| 2.95 | 0.003 |
|
| 0.503 | 0.502 | 1.0 | 80.2 | 0.52 | 0.604 |
Dual | U | 0.164 | 0.179 | −4.0 |
| −2.32 | 0.020 |
M | M | 0.164 | 0.163 | 0.2 | 93.9 | 0.13 | 0.898 |
Pay | U | 14.140 | 14.356 | −28.1 |
| −16.73 | 0.000 |
| M | 14.140 | 14.136 | 0.6 | 97.9 | 0.32 | 0.751 |
Board | U | 9.150 | 8.821 | 18.2 |
| 10.85 | 0.000 |
| M | 9.149 | 9.130 | 1.1 | 94.2 | 0.54 | 0.592 |
Soe | U | 0.596 | 0.573 | 4.7 |
| 2.79 | 0.005 |
| M | 0.596 | 0.585 | 2.3 | 52.0 | 1.20 | 0.231 |
Firm age | U | 20.733 | 20.813 | −1.5 |
| −0.86 | 0.389 |
| M | 20.734 | 20.707 | 0.5 | 66.8 | 0.26 | 0.792 |