类别

功能

例子

1.文本交互元话语

帮助读者理解语篇

过渡语(transitions)

表达主要从句的逻辑关系

in addition; but; thus; and

框架标记(frame markers)

指出语篇的边界，顺序或阶段

finally; to conclude; my purpose is

内指标记(endophoric markers)

提及篇章内其他部分的内容

noted above; see Fig; in section 2

证源标记(evidentials)

提及其他篇章的内容

according to X; Z states

语码注释(code glosses)

帮助进一步解释概念的意义

namely; e.g.; such as; in other words

2.人际互动元话语

帮助作者与读者进行互动

模糊语(hedges)

用间接的模糊的方式表达命题

might; perhaps; possible; about

增强语(boosters)

增强肯定或强调命题

in fact; definitely; it is clear that

态度标记(attitude markers)

帮助作者表达对命题的态度

unfortunately; I agree; surprisingly

自称语(self mentions)

作者明显的自我提及语

I; we; my; me; our

介入标记(engagement markers)

作者和读者互动的显性标记语

consider; note; you can see that