| Painful stimulus | Method | References |
| Heat pain | Behavioral approach, Neuroimaging approach (fMRI) | Freeman et al., 2016 |
| Itch by electrical stimulation | Behavioral approach | Bartelset al., 2014 |
| Electric shocks | Behavioral approach | Świder & Bąbel, 2013 |
| Painful rectal distensions | Neuroimaging approach (structural fMRI, event-related fMRI) | Schmid, Theysohn, Gaß, Benson, Gramsch, Forsting, et al., 2013 |
| Somatosensory stimuli (itch and pain) | Behavioral approach | van Laarhoven,Vogelaar, Wildersmith, van Riel, Kraaimaat, et al., 2011 |
| Skin injection | Behavioral approach | Varelmann, Pancaro, Cappiello, & Camann, 2010 |
| Electric shock | Behavioral approach | Colloca et al., 2008 |
| Muscle pain | Neuroimaging approach (anatomic MRI, PET) | Scott et al., 2008 |
| Heat pain | Neuroimaging approach (fMRI) | Kong et al., 2008 |
| Ischaemic pain | Neuropharmacological approach | Benedetti et al., 2006 |
| Subcutaneous administration of formalin (in rats) | Neuropharmacological approach | Andre et al., 2005 |
| Ischaemic pain | Neuropharmacological approach, Behavioral approach | Benedetti et al., 2003 |
| Postoperative pain | Behavioral approach | Benedetti et al., 1997 |
| Ischaemic pain | Behavioral approach | Benedetti, 1996 |
| Postoperative pain | Behavioral approach | Benedetti et al., 1995 |