Interactive resources:

Help to guide reader through the text

Category

Function

Examples

Transitions:

express semantic relation between main clauses

in addition/but/thus/and

Frame markers:

refer to discourse acts sequences, or text stages

finally/to conclude/my purpose here is to

Endophoric markers:

refer to information in other parts of the text

noted above/see Fig/in section

Evidentials:

refer to source of information from other texts

according to X/(Y1990)/Z states

Code glosses:

help readers grasp functions of ideational material

Namely/e.g./such as/in other words

Interactional resources:

Involve the reader in the argument

Category

Function

Examples

Hedges:

withhold writer’s full commitment to proposition

might/perhaps/possible/about

Boosters:

emphasize force or writer’s certainty in proposition

in fact/definitely/it is clear that

Attitude markers:

express writer’s attitude to proposition

unfortunately/I agree/surprisingly

Engagement markers:

explicitly refer to or build relationship with reader

consider/note that/you can see that

Self-mentions:

explicit reference to author (s)

I/we/my/our