取代离子	取代后离子	T_s (˚C)	ε_r	Q × f (GHz)	τ_f (ppm/˚C)	Ref
Nb⁵⁺	Sb⁵⁺	1150	—	—	—	[26]
	V⁵⁺	900	1.6	131,000	−26	[28]
	Ta⁵⁺	1100	15.58	113,000	−4.5	[31]
	Ti⁴⁺	1000	15.88	131,000	−26.8	[32]
	W⁶⁺	1175	15.82	124,187	−18.28	[33]
Mg²⁺	Co²⁺	1300	28.7	151,200	−3.18	[35]
	Ni²⁺，Mn²⁺	1020	—	—	−2.63，−4.57	[36]
	Cu²⁺	1100	15.75	92,134	−2	[37]