(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

lngap

lngap

lngap

lngap

lngap

city

−1.217^***

−1.599^***

−1.535^***

−1.515^***

−1.430^***

(0.149)

(0.169)

(0.170)

(0.168)

(0.173)

year

−1.003^***

−1.218^***

−1.116^***

−1.034^***

−1.151^***

(0.248)

(0.244)

(0.247)

(0.246)

(0.252)

cityyear

2.223^***

2.090^***

1.999^***

1.958^***

1.992^***

(0.288)

(0.278)

(0.279)

(0.276)

(0.275)

lntrade

0.254^***

0.403^***

0.420^***

0.369^***

(0.059)

(0.094)

(0.093)

(0.097)

lnfdi

−0.251^*

−0.124

−0.156

(0.125)

(0.133)

(0.133)

lnstudent

−0.262^*

−0.287^**

(0.104)

(0.104)

lncapital

0.155

(0.082)

_cons

10.080^***

9.302^***

9.123^***

9.299^***

8.540^***

(0.108)

(0.209)

(0.226)

(0.234)

(0.463)

N

208

208

208

208

208

R²

0.320

0.376

0.389

0.407

0.418